Laptop and battery pending charge issue

By the power of Tux Skull, I have the power. Or do I? Let us wrap the week with an article slash guide discussing and resolving the potential problem of connected laptop battery charger showing status as not charging or pending charge, including overview of the issue, troubleshooting in Linux with focus on faulty hardware components, operating system kernel and drivers, external USB peripherals and ambient conditions, the use of upower, acpi and psensor tools, power and temperature measurements, utilization and heating factors, and more. Have fun.