perf(gateway): skip provider catalog rewarm on rate limits (#125906)

perf(gateway): skip provider catalog rewarm on rate limits (#125906)

Carry profile failure reasons through the internal hook and preserve the prepared provider-auth catalog on rate limits. Authentication and billing failures retain the existing recovery path; cooldown recording and profile selection are unchanged.

Cover reason propagation and queued recovery with regressions, plus built-Gateway HTTP429-to-401 proof using synthetic credentials and real SQLite state. CI 33989197791 passed on source head 54c9fd565523b7fca8cfd451ba563d5d2428eade.

Refs #125315. Its separate CLI and device-identity proposals remain follow-ups. Original diagnosis and repair by @Grynn.

Co-authored-by: Grynn 
Co-authored-by: Peter Steinberger